34,000-year-old grave of two boys reveal ancient hunter-gatherers gave them burial fit for royalty

About 34,000 years ago, a group of hunters and gatherers buried their dead — including two boys with physical conditions — using the utmost care. However, these dead were buried in fairly different ways, a new study finds.

About 34,000 years ago, people buried these two young boys head to head. The boys are covered with mammoth ivory beads
 and pierced fox canines. They're also lying next to ivory spears, one of which has a disk on it, the researchers noted
[Credit: Illustration by K. Gavrilov; Photos by N.O. Bader, Antiquity 2018]

The roughly 10- and 12-year-old boys were buried head to head in a long, slender grave filled with riches, including more than 10,000 mammoth ivory beads, more than 20 armbands, about 300 pierced fox teeth, 16 ivory mammoth spears, carved artwork, deer antlers and two human fibulas (calf bones) laid across the boys' chests, the researchers said.

In contrast, the remains of a roughly 40-year-old man, an individual who would have had more time and physical ability to contribute to the group, had far fewer treasures: about 3,000 mammoth ivory beads, 12 pierced fox canines, 25 mammoth ivory arm bands and a stone pendant.

"From the point of view of the mortuary behavior, the burial of the adult is, in fact, very different from the burial of the children," study co-lead researcher Erik Trinkaus, a professor of anthropology at Washington University in St. Louis, told Live Science.

Sunghir burials

Researchers have known about the Sunghir burials for about half a century. The burials, which date to the Mid Upper Palaeolithic, are located on the northeast outskirts of Vladimir, Russia, and were excavated from 1957 to 1977.

Like other burials from the Palaeolithic, the bodies at Sunghir are covered with red ochre. This colored photomontage
 shows the remains of a roughly 40-year-old man who is covered with mammoth ivory beads. It's likely that the beads
were sewn onto the man's clothing, which has since decayed [Credit: Illustration by K. Favrilov; Antiquity 2018]

When these hunters and gatherers lived, about 34,000 years ago, the region was going through a slightly warmer period than the ice ages before and after it, the researchers noted. The warmer weather explains, in part, how these ancient people were able to dig graves in what would have otherwise been frozen ground, the researchers added.

In total, there are 10 men and women buried at Sunghir, but the two boys have, by far, the most spectacular riches of the lot, the researchers said. The boys also have physical conditions that likely limited the individuals during their short lives.

Both boys experienced repeated periods of extreme stress, according to an analysis of their dental enamel, the study said. What's more, the 10-year-old boy's thighbones are "exceptionally bowed and short," Trinkaus and co-lead researcher Alexandra Buzhilova, an anthropologist at Lomonosov Moscow State University, in Russia, wrote in the study. But otherwise, the young boy was physically active, an analysis of his skeleton showed.

Photos showing the adult man and his ochre-stained skull. Notice an incision in his neck vertebra (white arrow) -
an injury that likely led to his immediate death [Credit: N.O. Bader and E. Trinkaus; Antiquity 2018]

Meanwhile, the 12-year-old boy's teeth had almost no wear, "which, to us, doesn't sound like much, but people from this time wore their teeth down quickly," Trinkaus said. Analyses of his skeleton indicate that the boy was bedridden, Trinkaus added.

It's possible the group was feeding the 12-year-old boy soft foods, such as porridge, but "it is really bizarre to have an individual who looks like he was bedridden in a group of hunters and gatherers who were extremely mobile," Trinkaus said.

Respectful burials

These two boys aren't the only people with disabilities known to have received burials during this time period. "Indeed, in the Mid Upper Palaeolithic, individuals with marked developmental or degenerative abnormalities are relatively common in the burial record, accounting for a third of the sufficiently well-preserved individuals," the researchers wrote in the study.

The 12-year-old boy didn't have much wear on his teeth (top left and bottom left), indicating that he likely ate soft foods
that didn't require much grinding. He also had a skull with an unusual shape, the researchers said. The thighbones
of the 10-year-old boy (right) were short and bowed [Credit: E. Trinkaus; Antiquity 2018]

However, it was slightly less common for youngsters to receive such a burial during this period, the researchers said.

What really caught the researchers' attention was the diversity of the burial artifacts. Some people had only a few fox canines and mammoth ivory beads, while other individuals didn't have anything. This indicates social complexity, because it shows that people were treated differently in death, and probably in life, too, Trinkaus said.

The 10-year-old boy had ivory beads and ochre on the upper part of his hip bones, known as the
 ilia. Next to it is the thighbone of an adult that was placed in the 12-year-old boy's grave
[Credit: E. Trinkaus; Antiquity 2018]

The finding shows that you didn't have to be a "big, adult male hunter" to get an extravagant burial during the Mid Upper Palaeolithic, said Lawrence Straus, a distinguished professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of New Mexico, who wasn't involved with the study.

"In this case, adolescents — people with disabilities or pathologies that would have limited their full functioning — are getting some amazing treatment," Straus told Live Science.

The study was published in the journal Antiquity.

Author: Laura Geggel | Source: LiveScience [February 20, 2018]

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Small prehistoric Venus statuette discovered in Moravia-Silesia

This unique Venus, dating from the final Neolithic or the first phase of the Chalcolithic, was found thanks to preventive excavations linked to the imminent construction of a ring road in the Silesian capital. Only the lower part of the statuette, with legs, accentuated hips and belly, has survived. The terracotta torso measures about six centimetres.

The Venus d' Opava [Credit: CT24]

According to archaeologists of the local branch of the Academy of Sciences, the statuette, created around 4,200 BC by the people of Lengyel's culture, covering mainly Hungary, Slovakia and Upper Silesia, served as a pagan cult object. For archaeologist Kateřina Papáková, the dig manager, it is an exceptional discovery: "Several torsos of Palaeolithic female statuettes were discovered in the 1980s in Velké Hoštice, in the region of Opava. But these torsos differ from our Venus in their form. The statuette we discovered bears features of Eastern European cultures, specifically the Trypillia culture of the territory of present-day Ukraine."

The Venus d' Opava, which looks like the famous Venus de Věstonice, the oldest ceramic figurine in the world discovered in South Moravia, is less robust than the other female statuettes found in the Czech territory.

The Venus d' Opava [Credit: CT24]

The discovery of the figurine is the fruit of chance. The excavations in Opava, during which archaeologists uncovered part of a prehistoric settlement, including four buried huts, were completed last October. Archaeologists at the Academy of Sciences have found a multitude of objects on the site, such as ceramic fragments, various tools and weights for fishing nets. Covered with a good layer of mud, the prehistoric statuette was not discovered until last week, however, when the cataloguing of the finds took place.

"During the course of this year, the statuette will be subjected to various analyses" explains Kateřina Papáková. "We also want to make a three-dimensional model using a 3D scanner. And as of next year, the Venus, as well as other objects found during excavations, could be on display to the public."

Source: Czech Radio [February 12, 2018]

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